uniform boundedness theorem

[[concept]]
Uniform Boundedness Theorem

Let V be a vector space, B be a {1||Banach space}, and {Tn} a sequence in B(B,V). Then if for all b∈B we have
{2||$$\sup_{n}\lvert \lvert T_{n}b \rvert \rvert < \infty$$}
(ie the sequence is {2||pointwise bounded}) then we have
{3||$$\sup_{n} \lvert \lvert T_{n} \rvert \rvert < \infty$$}
(ie the {3||operator norms are bounded})

Proof

For all k∈N, define

Ck={b∈B:||b||≤1,supn||Tnb||≤k}

Then each set is closed because if {bn}⊂Ck and bn→b then we have ||b||=limn→∞||bn||=1. And for all m∈N we have

||Tmb||=limn→∞||Tmbn||

since each of the operators Tm are continuous. And ||Tmbn||≤k because bn∈Ck, so Ck must be closed.

Now, we also have

{b∈B:||b||≤1}=⋃k≤nCk

because for any b∈B, there is no k such that supm||Tmb||≤k.

So LHS is complete because it is a closed subset of M, and so by Baire's Theorem, one of the Ck must contain an open ball B(b0,δ0).

Thus for any b∈B(0,δ0), we have that b0+b∈B(b0,δ0)⊂Ck so

supn||Tn(b0+b)||≤k

Then since both b0,b0+b∈B(b0,δ0), we have

supn||Tnb||=supn||−Tnb0+Tn(b0+b)||≤supn||Tnb0||+supn||Tn(b0+b)||≤k+k

Thus, rescaling, we have for any n∈N and all b∈B with ||b||=1, we have

||Tn(δ02b)||≤2k⟹||Tnb||≤4k

ie the operator norm of Tn is bounded for all n, and therefore its sup is bounded as well.

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References

#flashcards/math/functional

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Functional Analysis Lecture 3 2025-08-18

Created 2025-06-05 ֍ Last Modified 2025-09-11