open mapping theorem

[[concept]]
Open Mapping Theorem

Let B1,B2 be two Banach spaces and let TB(B1,B2) be surjective. Then T is an open map.

ie for all open subsets UB1, we have T(U)B2 is open.

Proof

Note

We will first prove that if B(0,1)={bB1:||b||<1}, then T(B(0,1)) contains an open ball in B2 centered at 0. Then, since T is linear, we can scale everything properly to show that for any b1UB1 open, there exists ϵ>0 such that B(T(b1),ϵ)T(U)

Showing that the closure of the image T(B(0,1)) contains an open ball B(0,r)

T surjective means everything in B2 gets mapped to by something in B1 ie

B2=nNT(B(0,n))

So by the Baire Category Theorem, there exists some n0N such that T(B(0,n0)) contains an open ball.

Now, since T is a linear operator, n0T(B(0,1)) contains an open ball. ie, T(B(0,1)) contains an open ball. Equivalently, there exists some v0B2 and r>0 such that B(v0,4r)T(B(0,1)).

ie, we can pick some u1B(0,1) such that v1=T(u1)T(B(0,1)) such that ||v0v1||<2r

Note

we choose 4 here to make some calculations easier later

Then

B(v1,2r)B(v0,4r)T(B(0,1))

If ||v||<r, then

12(2v+v1)12B(v1,2r)12T(B(0,1))=T(B(0,12))

And this means

v=T(u12)+12(2v+v1)T(u12)+T(B(0,12))=T(u12+B(0,12))B(0,1) since u1B(0,1)T(B(0,1))

ie, (in B2), we have B(0,r)T(B(0,1)). This implies that

B(0,2nr)=2nB(0,r)2nT(B(0,1))=T(B(0,2n))

for all nN

Now we prove that B(0,r2)T(B(0,1)).

Showing that the image T(B(0,1)) contains an open ball B(0,r2)

Let ||v||<r2. Then vT(B(0,12)) . This implies there exists some b1B(0,12) such that ||vTb1||<r4

ie, vTb1T(B(0,12)) there is some b2B(0,14) such that

||vTb1Tb2||=||vT(b1b2)||<r412=r8

continuing in this manner, we obtain a sequence {bk}kNB1 such that

  1. ||bk||<2k
  2. ||vk=1nTbk||<2n1r

The series k=1bk is absolutely summable (since the norm of the sums are bounded). And since B1 is Banach, this means there exists some bB1 such that b=k=1bk

Further, by the triangle inequality, we have

||b||=limn||k=1nbk||limnk=1||bk||

And we can bound this

=k=1||bk||<k=12k=1

And since T is a bounded linear operator (and thus continuous), we have

Tb=limnT(k=1nbk)=limnk=1Tbk=v

ie, vT(B(0,1)). Thus B(0,r2)T(B(0,1)) in B2.

Thus, if 0 was an interior point of U in the domain, then it is still an interior point in the image of U.

Generalizing to any open set

Suppose UB1 is open and b2=Tb1T(U). Then there exists some ϵ>0 such that b1+B(0,ϵ)=B(b1,ϵ)U. And, from above, there exists some δ>0 such that B(0,δ)T(B(0,1)). ie

B(b2,ϵδ)=b2+ϵB(0,δ)b2+ϵT(B(0,1))=T(b1)+ϵT(B(0,1))=T(b1+ϵB(0,1))=T(b1+B(0,ϵ))T(U)

Since b1+B(0,ϵ) is contained in U. Thus we've found a ball around any b2T(U).

Note

closed graph theorem open mapping theorem

References

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Created 2025-06-05 Last Modified 2025-06-05